Happy Independence Day

?#?include?<stdio.h>
int main (void)
{
int a=10, b=0, c=10;
char* bits ="TFy!QJu ROo TNn(ROo)SLq SLq ULo+UHs UJq TNn*RPn/QPbEWS_JSWQAIJO^NBELPeHBFHT}TnALVlBLOFAkHFOuFETpHCStHAUFAgcEAelclcn^r^r\\tZvYxXyT|S~Pn SPm SOn TNn ULo0ULo#ULo-WHq!WFs XDt!";
a = bits[b];
while (a != 0) {
a = bits[b];
b++;
while (a > 64) {
a--;
if (++c == 'Z') {
c /= 9;
putchar(c);
} else {
putchar(33 ^ (b & 0x01));
}
}
}
return 0;
}

output:---

Java Abstraction

Abstraction is the concept of exposing only the required essential characteristics and behavior with respect to a context.
Abstraction in OOP:
In general computer software, when we talk about abstraction the software language itself is an example for the concept of abstraction. When we write a statement as,
a = b + c;
we are adding two values stored in two locations and then storing the result in a new location. We just describe it in an easily human understandable form. What happens beneath? There are registers, instruction sets, program counters, storage units, etc involved. There is PUSH, POP happening. High level language we use abstracts those complex details.
When we say abstraction in Java, we are talking about abstraction in object oriented programming (OOP) and how it is done in Java. Concept of abstraction in OOP, starts right at the moment when a class is getting conceived. I will not say, using Java access modifiers to restrict the properties of an object alone is abstraction. There is lot more to it. Abstraction is applied everywhere in software and OOP.
Abstraction in Java:
Having read the above section, you might have now come to an idea of how abstraction is done in Java.
When we conceptualize a class
When we write an ‘interface’
When we write an ‘abstract’ class, method
When we write ‘extends’
When we apply modifiers like ‘private’, … 
Abstraction and Encapsulation:
When a class is conceptualized, what are the properties we can have in it given the context. If we are designing a class Animal in the context of a zoo, it is important that we have an attribute as animalType to describe domestic or wild. This attribute may not make sense when we design the class in a different context.
Similarly, what are the behaviors we are going to have in the class? Abstraction is also applied here. What is necessary to have here and what will be an overdose? Then we cut off some information from the class. This process is applying abstraction.
When we ask for difference between encapsulation and abstraction, I would say,encapsulation uses abstraction as a concept. So then, is it only encapsulation. No, abstraction is even a concept applied as part of inheritance and polymorphism.
We got to look at abstraction at a level higher among the other OOP concepts encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism.
Abstraction and Inheritance:
Let us take inheritance also in this discussion. When we design the hierarchy of classes, we apply abstraction and create multiple layers between each hierarchy. For example, lets have a first level class Cell, next level be LivingBeing and next level be Animal. The hierarchy we create like this based on the context for which we are programming is itself uses abstraction. Then for each levels what are the properties and behaviors we are going to have, again abstraction plays an important role here in deciding that.
What are some common properties that can be exposed and elevated to a higher level, so that lower level classes can inherit it. Some properties need not be kept at higher level. These decision making process is nothing but applying abstraction to come up with different layers of hierarchy. So abstraction is one key aspect in OOP as a concept.


in all these areas, we use abstraction as a concept. I think example Java code for all the above is very trivial. If you find it difficult to understand abstraction, pour your question in the comments section, I will be more than happy to answer it.

Java Bubble Sort Descending Order Example

public class BubbleSortDescendingOrder {

        public static void main(String[] args) {
             
                //create an int array we want to sort using bubble sort algorithm
                int intArray[] = new int[]{5,90,35,45,150,3};
             
                //print array before sorting using bubble sort algorithm
                System.out.println("Array Before Bubble Sort");
                for(int i=0; i < intArray.length; i++){
                        System.out.print(intArray[i] + " ");
                }
             
                //sort an array in descending order using bubble sort algorithm
                bubbleSort(intArray);
             
                System.out.println("");
             
                //print array after sorting using bubble sort algorithm
                System.out.println("Array After Bubble Sort");
                for(int i=0; i < intArray.length; i++){
                        System.out.print(intArray[i] + " ");
                }

        }

        private static void bubbleSort(int[] intArray) {
 int n = intArray.length;
                int temp = 0;
             
                for(int i=0; i < n; i++){
                        for(int j=1; j < (n-i); j++){
                             
                                if(intArray[j-1] < intArray[j]){
                                        //swap the elements!
                                        temp = intArray[j-1];
                                        intArray[j-1] = intArray[j];
                                        intArray[j] = temp;
                                }
                             
                        }
                }
     
        }
}

Output of the Bubble Sort Descending Order Example would be

Array Before Bubble Sort
5 90 35 45 150 3
Array After Bubble Sort
150 90 45 35 5 3